Two major companies — Caterpillar and Nvidia — on Monday blamed China for poor earnings

Key Points

Caterpillar and Nvidia both cite weaker sales in China in disappointing announcements.

“Sales in Asia/Pacific declined due to lower demand in China, partially offset by higher demand in a few other countries in the region,” Caterpillar says.

“Deteriorating macroeconomic conditions, particularly in China, impacted consumer demand for NVIDIA gaming graphics processing units,” Nvidia adds.

iPhone maker Apple cut its sales forecast earlier this month after CEO Tim Cook blamed slowing iPhone sales in China.

The number of companies warning of a slowdown in China is growing, with both construction machinery company Caterpillar and chipmaker Nvidia blaming weaker demand in the country for disappointing figures, a bad omen for the global economy.

“Sales in Asia/Pacific declined due to lower demand in China, partially offset by higher demand in a few other countries in the region,” Caterpillar said in its earnings press release. “Unfavorable currency impacts also contributed to the sales decline.”

Caterpillar, one of the largest equipment manufacturers in the world, is considered a bellwether for global trade given the company’s exposure to overseas markets. Caterpillar gets 59 percent of its sales from outside of the U.S. and nearly a quarter of its revenue from the Asia Pacific region, according to figures form Goldman Sachs last year.

Caterpillar spokesperson Corrie Scott confirmed to CNBC that China represents between 5 to 10 percent of total company sales.

The company also issued a forward guidance range that fell short of Wall Street’s earnings expectations on the lower end. It expects earnings per share for December 2019 in a range between $11.75 and $12.75 versus FactSet consensus expectations of $12.73.

“In Asia-Pacific, we expect construction growth in countries outside of China,” Caterpillar CEO Jim Umpleby said during the company’s earnings call. “Within China, the industry is very dynamic and there are a variety of forecasts. We will continue to monitor the situation but as of now we are forecasting the overall China market to be roughly flat in 2019 following two years of significant growth.”

Caterpillar dropped 9 percent and Nvidia lost 18 percent on Monday.

Caterpillar and Nvidia return over the last 6 months

Our outlook assumes a modest sales increase based on the fundamentals of our diverse end markets as well as the macroeconomic and geopolitical environment,” Umpleby said in the press release. “We will continue to focus on operational excellence, including cost discipline, while investing in expanded offerings and services to drive long-term profitable growth.”

The Illinois-based company’s role as a global manufacturing leader can result in big swings to the major U.S. stock indexes. For example, when Chief Financial Officer Brad Halverson said last April that the company’s first-quarter adjusted profits per share would be the “high-water mark,” Caterpillar shares sank 6.2 percent and helped drag the Dow down more than 400 points.

‘Deteriorating macroeconomic conditions’

News of declining sales in China, the world’s second-largest economy, is likely to weigh on other globally exposed equities.

Semiconductor manufacturer Nvidia said in a forecast that the economic situation in China is also undermining its performance.

“Deteriorating macroeconomic conditions, particularly in China, impacted consumer demand for NVIDIA gaming graphics processing units,” the company said in a press release. “In addition, sales of certain high-end GPUs using NVIDIA’s new Turing architecture were lower than expected. These products deliver a revolutionary leap in performance and innovation with real-time ray tracing and AI, but some customers may have delayed their purchase while waiting for lower price points.”

Chinese financial markets have struggled over the past year as economic leaders in Beijing tried to prolong the country’s streak of impressive GDP growth with mixed success. Benchmark Shanghai Composite is down 27 percent over the past 12 months. Such growth outlook concerns have taken their toll on high-flying technologies companies like Nvidia.

“Q4 was an extraordinary, unusually turbulent, and disappointing quarter,” said Jensen Huang, founder and CEO of NVIDIA. “Looking forward, we are confident in our strategies and growth drivers.”

Stock futures fell to new lows after the Caterpillar and Nvidia comments.

iPhone maker Apple — once the modern world’s largest publicly traded company — cut its sales forecast earlier this month after CEO Tim Cook blamed slowing iPhone sales in China.

Cook told CNBC that Apple products have not been targeted by the Chinese government, though some customers may have chosen not to buy an Apple device because it is an American company. The United States and China are in the middle of a tit-for-tat trade war, with each country imposing tariffs on billions of dollars worth of goods.

Apple reports earnings results on Tuesday, Jan. 29.
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Marquage CE-PVS980-104SC-875A-7

Le marquage CE est apposé sur l’onduleur, attestant sa conformité aux exigences des directives européennes Basse Tension et CEM.

Conformité à la directive européenne Basse tension

Le variateur est conforme à la directive Basse Tension au titre des normes EN 62109-1 et CEI/EN 62109-2.

Conformité à la directive européenne CEM

La directive CEM énonce les exigences relatives à l’immunité et aux émissions du matériel électrique au sein de l’Union européenne. Les normes relatives à la CEM (CEI/EN 61000-6-2 et EN 5501) définissent les exigences pour les appareils électriques et électroniques destinés à être utilisés en environnement industriel. Il est également possible d’assurer la conformité à la norme CEI/EN 61000-6-4 (option +E203).

Conformité aux normes internationales de CEM

• CEI/EN 61000-6-2

• EN 55011

• CISPR 11

• CEI/EN 61000-6-4 (option +E203)

Marquage UL

L’option +C129 assure la conformité de l’onduleur aux exigences du marquage UL.

Marquage RCM

Le marquage RCM, obligatoire en Australie et en Nouvelle-Zélande, est apposé sur l’onduleur pour attester sa conformité aux exigences des normes correspondantes CEI/EN 61000-6-2 et CISPR 11 selon le projet CEM Trans-Tasman (EMCS). Il est également possible d’assurer la conformité à la norme CEI/EN 61000-6-4 (option +E203)

Exclusion de responsabilité

Responsabilité générique

Le constructeur décline toute responsabilité si le produit (i) a été mal réparé ou modifié, (ii) a subi un usage abusif, de la négligence ou un accident, (iii) a été utilisé d’une manière non conforme aux consignes du constructeur, ou (iv) si sa défaillance résulte d’une usure normale. Le contenu de ce manuel est susceptible d’être modifié sans préavis, ne s’agissant pas d’un document contractuel.

Cybersécurité

Ce produit est destiné à être raccordé à une interface réseau et à échanger des informations et des données avec ce réseau. Il incombe au client de fournir et de maintenir opérationnelle en permanence une connexion sécurisée entre le produit et le réseau du client ou tout autre réseau le cas échéant. La mise en place de mesures (telles que, mais non limitées à, l’installation de pare-feux, d’applications d’authentification, le chiffrage des données, l’installation de programmes antivirus, etc.) destinées à protéger le produit, le réseau, le système et l’interface contre toute faille de sécurité, accès non autorisé, interférence, intrusion, fuite et/ou vol de données et d’informations, relève de la responsabilité du client. ABB et ses filiales déclinent toute responsabilité en cas de dégâts et/ou de pertes découlant d’une faille de sécurité, d’un accès non autorisé, d’une interférence, d’une intrusion, d’une fuite et/ou d’un vol de données ou d’informations.

Schémas d’encombrement

Contenu de ce chapitre

Ce chapitre contient les schémas d’encombrement. Les dimensions sont en millimètres.
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Raccordement d’un PC-PVS980-58-1909kVA-J

Vous pouvez raccordez un PC à l’onduleur, pour utiliser l’outil Drive composer par exemple.

1. Raccordez une micro-console ACS-AP-I à l’unité de commande de l’onduleur, soit via un câble Ethernet soit en insérant la micro-console dans son logement.

2. Retirez le cache-bornes USB sur la face avant de la micro-console.

3. Raccordez un câble USB (type A – Mini-B) entre le port USB de la micro-console (3a) et un port USB libre du PC (3b).

4. La micro-console va indiquer que la connexion est établie

Consultez la documentation de l’outil PC pour les instructions de configuration. Vous trouverez les consignes d’utilisation de la micro-console dans le manuel anglais ACS-AP-x assistant control panels user’s manual (3AUA0000085685).

Raccordement d’un switch Ethernet (option +K480)

Modèle : Phoenix Contact FL SWITCH 3006T-2FX SM

Procédure de raccordement :

1. Sectionnez l’onduleur du réseau d’alimentation, verrouillez les appareillages de sectionnement et mesurez l’absence effective de tension. Cf. Sécurité lors de l’installation et de la maintenance page 12.

2. Vous devez supprimer toutes les tensions de commande potentiellement dangereuses parvenant à l’onduleur. Vérifiez par une mesure l’absence de tension sur les bornes d’E/S.

3. Ouvrez le capot métallique qui protège les bornes d’E/S.

4. Insérez les fibres optiques par le bas de la zone de câblage externe.

5. Si la fibre optique a un blindage métallique, mettez-le à la terre sur les jeux de barres de mise à la terre du blindage des câbles d’E/S.

6. Amenez les fibres optiques et les éventuels câbles Ethernet au switch Ethernet via le passe-câble situé en bas ou en haut des parois internes de la zone de câblage.

7. Si nécessaire, installez un boîtier de branchement des fibres optiques sur rail DIN ou sur les perçages au-dessus ou en dessous du switch Ethernet. Ces emplacements peuvent accueillir d’autres dispositifs auxiliaires.

8. Raccordez les câbles sur le switch.

9. Fermez le capot métallique qui protège les bornes d’E/S.

10. Démarrez l’onduleur puis configurez le switch comme indiqué dans le manuel utilisateur fournir par Phoenix Contact.

Exemple de paramétrage initial :

1. Raccordez le switch à un ordinateur via un câble Ethernet RJ45.

2. En sortie d’usine, le switch ne possède pas d’adresse IP et la fonction «BootP» est active.

3. Utilisez le logiciel IPAssign Phoenix Contact pour régler l’adresse IP initiale du switch. Vous pouvez aussi raccorder un câble RS-232 et utiliser un émulateur de terminal , comme PuTTY, pour régler l’adresse IP.

4. Pour accéder à l’administration du switch, connectez-vous à l’adresse IP précédemment définie via votre navigateur Internet.

Nom d’utilisateur par défaut : Admin

Mot de passe par défaut : private

5. Réglez les paramètres réseau.

Vérification de l’installation

Contenu de ce chapitre

Ce chapitre contient les éléments à vérifier concernant le montage et les raccordements électriques de l’onduleur.

Liste des points à vérifier

Avant toute intervention, suivez la procédure décrite à la section Sécurité électrique page 15. Contrôlez tous les points de la liste avec une autre personne. Consultez également les Manuel de mise en service et de maintenance PVS980-58 (1818 à 2091 kVA) (3AXD50000231669) et Manuel d’exploitation onduleurs centraux PVS980-58 (3AXD50000250004).

Caractéristiques techniques

Contenu de ce chapitre

Ce chapitre contient les caractéristiques techniques de l’onduleur, à savoir valeurs nominales, tailles, contraintes techniques ainsi qu’exigences pour les marquages CE, UL et autres.

Déclassement

Déclassement en fonction de la température

L’onduleur fournit sa puissance nominale (100 %) à +50 °C. avec une température plus basse, l’onduleur peut fournir jusqu’à 110 % de sa puissance nominale. Si la température ambiante dépasse la valeur nominale, la capacité de charge (courant et puissance) de l’onduleur diminue.

Utilisez les coefficients de correction suivants pour calculer la puissance disponible de l’onduleur selon la température (pour des altitudes < 1000 m au-dessus du niveau de la mer), S étant le rapport puissance maxi/température :

• De -20 °C à 35 °C (de -4 °F à 95 °F), le ratio puissance/température est de 0·S (%) par degré Celsius.

• De 35 °C à 50 °C (de 95 °F à 122 °F), le ratio puissance/température est de -2/3·S (%) par degré Celsius.

• De 50 °C à 55 °C (de 122 °F à 131 °F), le ratio puissance/température est de -4·S (%) par degré Celsius.

• De 55 °C à 60 °C (de 131 °F à 140 °F), le ratio puissance/température est de -16·S (%) par degré Celsius.

Déclassement en fonction de l’altitude

La capacité de charge de l’onduleur (courant et puissance) diminue si le site d’installation se situe à plus de 1000 mètres d’altitudes (3281 ft). En effet, la pression atmosphérique plus faible en altitude limite l’efficacité du refroidissement. Les formules suivantes permettent de calculer le déclassement en fonction de l’altitude :

• De 1000 m à 2000 m, ajoutez 1/2 K par 100 m supplémentaires à la courbe de déclassement de l’onduleur en fonction de l’altitude (par exemple, ajoutez 1 K pour un site d’installation à 1200 m d’altitude).

• De 2000 m à 4000 m, ajoutez 1/2 K par 100 m jusqu’à 2000 m puis 1/4 K par 100 m supplémentaires à la courbe de déclassement de l’onduleur en fonction de l’altitude (par exemple, ajoutez 8,75 K pour un site d’installation à 3500 m d’altitude).

Lorsque vous calculez la puissance disponible de l’onduleur, vous devez tenir compte des différentes valeurs de S (%) par °C aux différentes températures de fonctionnement de l’onduleur

L’exemple suivant concerne un site à 2800 m d’altitude avec une température ambiante de 40 °C.

Température corrigée en fonction de l’altitude :

• De 1000 m à 2000 m : 1/2 K / 100 m * (2000 m – 1000 m) = 5 °C

• De 2000 m à 2800 m : 1/4 K / 100 m * (2800 m – 2000 m) = 2 °C

• Température corrigée : 40 °C + 5 °C + 2 °C = 47 °C\

2. Écart de puissance de l’onduleur avec température corrigée par rapport à la valeur nominale (50 °C) : (50 °C – 47 °C) * 2/3 S (%)/ °C = 2 S (%).

3. Somme du résultat et de la puissance nominale de l’onduleur (100 S (%)) : 100 S (%) + 2 S (%) = 102 S (%).

4. L’onduleur peut produire 102 % de sa puissance nominale.

5. 1,02 * 2000 kVA = 2040 kVA

Dans le cas (peu probable) où la température totale équivalente (température du site en °C + correction de l’altitude en °K) dépasserait 50 °C, contactez ABB.

Déclassement en fonction de la tension c.c.

La puissance utile disponible de l’onduleur dépend à la fois de la tension c.c. en entrée et de la température ambiante. Le schéma ci-dessous illustre cette relation pour une altitude inférieure à 1000 m. Le comportement de l’onduleur correspond à celui du panneau solaire aux plus hautes températures, afin de garantir une performance optimale de l’installation.

La tension c.c. minimum de fonctionnement dépend de la tension c.a. de l’onduleur :

• PVS980-58-1818kVA-I : 850 Vc.c.

• PVS980-58-1909kVA-J : 893 Vc.c.

• PVS980-58-2000kVA-K : 935 Vc.c.

• PVS980-58-2091kVA-L : 978 Vc.c.

L’option P902 est nécessaire pour pouvoir utiliser les fusibles en option. Cela peut avoir un impact sur les certifications de l’onduleur, notamment l’homologation UL.

Si vous utilisez le nombre de ports et les tailles de fusibles recommandées, diminuez la puissance maxi en entrée en fonction du nombre de ports inutilisés. Le courant de courtcircuit maximum du groupe PV reste identique, même si certains ports c.c. ne sont pas utilisés.

Dégagements requis Pour les dimensions de l’armoire, cf. Schémas d’encombrement page 123. Caractéristiques des bornes et des passe-câbles pour câbles de puissance c.a.

• Caches aveugles : les passe-câbles pré-assemblés sont remplacés par des goulottes monoblocs dans les compartiments de câblage.

• 18 passe-câbles

• Diamètre extérieur des câbles : 8…67 mm par passe-câbles

Nota : Dans la version standard de l’onduleur, les passe-câbles préassemblés sont remplacés par des goulottes monoblocs dans les compartiments de câblage. Les dimensions de la goulotte sont ajustées sur site en fonction du nombre de câbles. Les conduits de câbles utilisés doivent fournir le même degré de protection que l’onduleur. Le montage doit être réalisé de manière à ce que la base comme les sections de câbles respectent cette exigence.

Caractéristiques des bornes et des passe-câbles pour câbles de puissance c.c.

8 entrées c.c. • 16 passe-câbles

• Diamètre extérieur des câbles : 5…35 mm par passe-câbles (+H357)

12 entrées c.c. • 24 passe-câbles

• Diamètre extérieur des câbles : 5…35 mm par passe-câbles (+H357)

16 entrées c.c. • 32 passe-câbles

• Diamètre extérieur des câbles : 5…35 mm par passe-câbles (+H357)

20 entrées c.c. • 40 passe-câbles

• Diamètre extérieur des câbles : 5…35 mm par passe-câbles (+H357)

24 entrées c.c. • 48 passe-câbles

• Diamètre extérieur des câbles : 5…35 mm par passe-câbles (+H357)

Nota : Dans la version standard de l’onduleur, les passe-câbles préassemblés sont remplacés par des goulottes monoblocs dans les compartiments de câblage. Les dimensions de la goulotte sont ajustées sur site en fonction du nombre de câbles. Les conduits de câbles utilisés doivent fournir le même degré de protection que l’onduleur. Le montage doit être réalisé de manière à ce que la base comme les sections de câbles respectent cette exigence.

Caractéristiques des bornes et des passe-câbles pour câbles de commande

Câbles d’E/S Diamètre extérieur des câbles :

• 6 x 5…7 mm

• 2 x 10…14 mm

Section maxi des conducteurs : 1,5 mm2/16 AWG

Câbles aux. Diamètre extérieur des câbles :

• 2 x 20…26 mm

• 2 x 10…14 mm

Nota : Dans la version standard de l’onduleur, les passe-câbles pré-assemblés sont remplacés par des goulottes monoblocs dans les compartiments de câblage. Les dimensions de la goulotte sont ajustées sur site en fonction

du nombre de câbles. Les conduits de câbles utilisés doivent fournir le même degré de protection que l’onduleur. Le montage doit être réalisé de manière à ce que la base comme les sections de câbles respectent cette exigence.

Caractéristiques des raccordements c.a. en sortie

Tension PVS980-58-1818kVA-I : 600 Vc.a. triphasés ± 10 %

PVS980-58-1909kVA-J : 630 Vc.a. triphasés ± 10 %

PVS980-58-2000kVA-K : 660 Vc.a. triphasés ± 10 %

PVS980-58-2091kVA-L : 690 Vc.a. triphasés ± 10 %

La puissance nominale est disponible avec la tension nominale. Une valeur de tension inférieure réduit la puissance disponible. Une valeur de tension supérieure augmente le niveau de tension c.c. minimum. La puissance et la plage de tension c.c. dépendent de la tension de sortie active (Va).

Type de réseau admissible Réseau triphasé en schéma IT (neutre isolé ou impédant). Isolation galvanique requise pour chaque onduleur.

Transformateur Le transformateur doit être conçu pour l’utilisation avec un onduleur à IGBT avec des valeurs du/dt élevées par rapport à la terre. Chaque onduleur doit disposer d’enroulements haute et basse tension dédiés et les enroulements doivent être séparés par un écran statique correctement dimensionné.

Tenue aux courts-circuits (CEI 60439-1)

Courant de court-circuit maximum admissible : 50 ou 65 kA (uniquement avec l’option F296 pour le modèle 600 V).

En cas de mise à la terre temporaire (raccordement des deux jeux de câbles de terre aux boutons des jeux de barres c.a. et c.c. ainsi qu’à la borne PE de l’onduleur) : le courant de court-circuit présumé maxi admissible est abaissé à 45 kA/1 s. Pour un courant de court-circuit de 65 kA, la durée du défaut ne doit pas excéder 0,5 s. Si les câbles et serre-câbles raccordés ne sont pas équivalents au courant de court-circuit présumé de l’onduleur, la valeur nominale totale sera inférieure

Fréquence

Tenue de 45 à 65 Hz avec dimensionnement aux valeurs nominales (la norme locale et les décrets peuvent demander un découplage du réseau pour des valeurs inférieures).

Déséquilibre du réseau L’onduleur n’est pas source de déséquilibre.

Creux de tension 0 % maximum comme indiqué dans le Manuel d’exploitation Onduleurs centraux PVS980 (3AXD50000250004[EN])
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The Trident supports a complete range of modules for applications with low point counts and distributed I/O.

The Trident supports a range of modules for applications with low point counts and distributed I/O. This section provides detailed specifications for each product in the Trident family.

Also included are:

• International approvals (page 23)

• Environmental specifications (page 24)

• Dimensions and clearances (page 25)

Main Processor Modules and Baseplates

Every Trident system is controlled by three Main Processor (MP) Modules that reside on a single baseplate. Each MP Module acts as one channel of the triplicated Trident system. For details, see page 25.

Communication Module and Baseplate

The Communication Module (CM) is a three-to-one interface to the MPs that enables use of industry-standard communication protocols. A single Trident controller can support up to two CMs on one CM Baseplate with each CM operating independently. Two CMs can provide redundant communication connections or independent communication ports. For details, see page 27.

Analog Input Module and Baseplates

Each Analog Input (AI) Module has three isolated channels which independently process analog inputs from field devices. Each channel transmits the data to the MP associated with the channel. The MPs vote the data before passing it to the application. For details, see page 32. In addition to the standard AI baseplate, a HART AI baseplate and a hazardous location HART AI baseplate are available.

Analog Input/Digital Input Module and Baseplates

Each Analog Input/Digital Input (AI/DI) Module has three isolated channels which independently process analog and digital inputs from field devices. Each channel transmits the data to the MP associated with the channel. The MPs vote the data before passing it to the application. For details, see page 32.

Analog Output Modules and Baseplates

Each Analog Output (AO) Module has three isolated channels which independently accept data from the MPs. Voter circuitry selects a single channel to drive the output and shunts output from the other channels. For details, see page 33. In addition to the standard AO baseplate, a HART AO baseplate and a hazardous location HART AO baseplate are available.

Digital Input Module and Baseplates

Each Digital Input (DI) Module has three isolated channels which independently process digital input from field devices. Each channel transmits the data to the MP associated with the channel. For details, see page 35.

Digital Output Module and Baseplates

Each Digital Output (DO) Module has three isolated channels which independently accept data from the MP associated with each channel. For details, see page 36.

Pulse Input Module and Baseplate

Each Pulse Input (PI) Module has three isolated channels which independently receive voltage transitions from each point and converts the transitions to frequency (RPM) data. For details, see page 37.

Solid-State Relay Output Module and Baseplate

Each Solid-State Relay Output (SRO) Module has three isolated channels which independently accept data from the MP associated with each channel. The channels provide input to a voter circuit which uses the voted value to drive the coil of the relay. For details, see page 38.

I/O Extender Modules

I/O Extender Module Kits are used to carry I/O messages from one I/O column to another and to provide logic power terminals for each I/O column. For details, see page 39.

Interconnect Assemblies

Trident baseplates within a single I/O column are connected by Interconnect Assemblies that carry I/O messages and logic power across the baseplates. For details, see page 40.

Required Accessories

Accessories such as end caps, terminal covers, and slot covers are required to protect Trident components from dust, liquids, and corrosive atmospheres. For details, see page 40.

Components for the Trident system are offered in TriPaks and kits, as well as by individual parts. For details, see page 18.
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Power Supply and Power Distribution Requirements

The power supplies and power distribution, if incorrectly designed, are a possible electrical or fire safety hazard and can contribute to common cause failure. It is therefore necessary to:

• Establish the power philosophy, specific earthing philosophy, power requirements, and the separation requirements where items of equipment are separately supplied, for example system internal supplies and field loop supplies.

• Make sure that the chosen Power Supply Units (PSUs) are compatible with the powerfeeds supplied. Alternatively, measures must be put in place to make sure that the power feeds stay within the specifications of the PSUs.

• Define the power distribution requirements, together with the protective philosophy for each distribution; for example, current limited at source or protective devices. Where protective devices are used, it is important to find out that sufficient current will be available to make sure their protective action and the protective device can break the maximum prospective fault current.

• Make sure that the power supplies are sufficient to meet the system load and for any foreseeable load requirements and load transientsICS TRIPLEX T9110 Industrial Control Module

• Make sure that the power supplies have a minimum hold up time of 10 ms.

• Make sure that the power distribution cabling is sized to allow the maximum prospective fault currents and tolerable voltage losses. This is specifically important where floating supplies are employed and other power sources can cause high prospective fault currents if multiple earth faults occur.

Controller Power Supply Requirements

A controller requires the following power supply sources:

• A dual redundant power supply of + 24 Vdc with an operating range of 18 Vdc to 32 Vdc. The AADvance controller is designed to accept supply transient and interference according to IEC 61131 part 2.

An over current fault in the controller must not cause the system to lose power. Consequently, the power sources must be able to supply the peak current to open any over current protection devices (such as fuses) without failing.

The power supply protection of the controlleris in the modules, the power distribution arrangement must have a circuit breaker on the input side of each power source. The controller is designed to be resistant to a reverse polarity connection without permanent damage.

The power sources must come from a commercially available industrial uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system. An applicable UPS must have the capacity sufficient to satisfy the entire system load (including field devices and the controller) and an applicable contingency allowance for projected future expansion.

Power Arrangements for Field Devices

Output modules use an external source of power for field devices. This may be the power source used forthe controller or a separate power source.

• For digital and analogue outputs a field power supply of +24 Vdc within a range of 18-32 Vdc is required.

Recommended field circuits are given for each type of I/O module later in the section “Connecting Field Wiring”.

Power Distribution Protection

The power distribution circuit for each field input and for each output module must be protected, externally to the controller. Rockwell Automation recommend that power distribution must meet national and local panel wiring protection standards.

Digital Output Field Power

Special fusing arrangements are required for Digital Output field supplies for UL, ATEX and IECEx approved installations, (see topic on field loops for Digital Output Modules).

Estimating Power Consumption

To estimate the power supply requirements (power supply sizing) you need to know the power consumption of all the modules. Use the following table to estimate the system power consumption.
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EMERSON Preparing for Installation FLOBOSS S600

The S600+ installation must conform to all applicable local codes and regulations. All installation procedures should be in accordance with normal practices of good workmanship. Although the S600+ shipped to you may not include all of the hardware options described in this manual, the procedure for the basic installation of the unit remains the same.

Note: We strongly recommend you familiarize yourself with the procedures described in this chapter before you begin to install the S600+.

The S600+ uses a modular design that provides maximum flexibility and ease of installation. The basic panel-mounted version consists of three major components:

Fabricated metal case, complete with pre-installed PSU/backplane and four card slots for the modules (a dedicated CPU slot and three I/O slots).

Removable front panel comprising the LCD display and keypad assembly.

Plug-in modules. A CPU module and one I/O module are supplied for a basic configuration; two blank plates are supplied to cover the unused slots.

Note: User-supplied tools to assist in the installation process may include a Phillips screwdriver, a regular screwdriver, a small adjustable spanner wrench, and a 2.5mm Allen key.

Environmental Considerations

The S600+ panel mounted flow computer is designed for use within the control room. Place it in a position that provides ease of use, comfort, and safety for operators and maintenance personnel. The optimum height for viewing and using the display and keypad is at operator eye level.

Required Tools for Installation

Before you attempt to install the S600+, ensure that you have the following tools:

Small flat-blade screwdriver suitable for the slot-headed captive screws on the rear of the case that secure each plug-in board into the case.

5.5 mm (5 BA) hex or small adjustable wrench for the front panel bosses.

2.5 mm Allen key suitable for the hex cap screw on the front face of the front panel that secures the front panel molding to the case.

Installing the S600+

Refer to the following procedures for installing the various S600+ components, including the front panel, panel-mounted unit, and modules.

Unpacking the S600+

Unpack the S600+ carefully and inspect parts for visual damage.

Note: Do not discard packaging material until after you have identified all pieces of the shipment and you are confident that all parts are working correctly.

Removing the Front Panel

To begin the mounting process, remove the front panel from the S600+:

Ensure power has been removed from the S600+.

Using a 2.5 mm Allen key, remove the hex cap screw from the bottom centre of the front panel (refer to Figure 2-2).

Carefully slide the front panel up 4 mm (0.15 in) to allow it to clear the retaining groove at the top of the case, and then allow the panel to come forward to clear the panel case completely (refer to Figure 2-3).

Disconnect the ribbon cable from the back of the front panel at the blue connector (refer to Figure 2-4). Observe the orientation of the connector with its mating keyway. You must correctly re-insert the ribbon cable at the end of the installation process.

Remove the top and bottom bosses from the unit housing, using a 5.5 mm (5 BA) hex wrench.

Installing the Panel-Mounted Unit

After removing the front panel, install the panel-mounted unit:

Keeping environmental considerations in mind, construct the framework of the cubicle to support the operating panel.

Note: A standard 483 mm (19 in) rack that is 311 mm (12.25 in) high can accommodate up to four S600+s provided you support the rear of the case.

Refer to Figure 2-6 and Table 2-1 for position details for two 7 mm (0.276 in) holes and a cutout. The panel cutout should be rectangular for each S600+. Allow a tolerance of ± 3 mm (0.12 in) on each axis.

Note: The S600+ fits into existing S500 and 869 flow computer panel cutouts.

Place the front of the case against the rear of the prepared cutout.

Re-install the top and bottom bosses and tighten with a 5.5 mm (5 BA) hex wrench.

Once you have fitted the rear support, use a self-tapping screw to secure the case to the rear support. The maximum depth of the screw inside the case should be 3 mm (0.12 in)

Reinstalling the Front Panel

Re-installing the front panel is the final stage of the installation process:

Connect the ribbon cable to the front panel.

Place the top of the front panel over the retaining groove on the top boss and slide the front panel downwards.

Secure the front panel by placing the hex cap screw into its recess in the bottom centre of the front panel.

Using a 2.5 mm Allen key, tighten the screw finger-tight. Turn an additional 180 degrees clockwise to complete the installation.

Installing and Removing Modules

The S600+ ships with the CPU and I/O modules already installed. Follow this procedure if you need to remove the modules for maintenance or upgrade purposes.

The CPU module is located at the left-most rear slot of the case. You can insert I/O modules in the remaining slots or leave them empty. Cover any empty slots with the blank cover plates.

FIELDBUS EXPANSION MODULE 100 (FEM100)

The FEM100 module increases the number of 200 Series (or equivalent) FBMs supported for the FCP270 modules to up to 128 FBMs for typical control usage. The FEM100 provides four Expanded Fieldbus ports, each of which is capable of communicating with up to thirty-two FBMs. This is illustrated in Figure 3.

The FCP270 requires I/A Series software v8.3-v8.8 or Control Core Services v9.0 or later to support the FEM100 module.

The FCP270 baseplate may connect to a Two-Slot Expansion Baseplate which accommodates a single or pair of FEM100s. A Four-Slot Expansion Baseplate is also provided which can accommodate up to two fault-tolerant FCP270s and a single or pair of FEM100s.

For a description of these baseplates, refer to PSS 21H-2W6 B4.

A pair of FEM100 modules provides redundancy for the Extended Fieldbuses. When both modules are active, the FCP270 sends and receives communications across both A and B buses. In the case of a FEM100 module failure, the FCP270 switches all traffic to the bus with the available FEM100 module until the failed module is replaced.

FBI200/FBI100 FIELDBUS ISOLATOR/FILTER

The FBI200 and FBI100 Fieldbus Isolator/Filters are designed to filter and isolate 2 Mbps communications from an FCP270 to the Fieldbus Isolator (FBI) which requires 268 Kbps signals for 100 Series FBMs and similar Migration modules. This enables the FCP270 to communicate with both 200 Series FBMs (over 2 Mbps signals) and 100 Series FBMs (over 268 Kbps signals) simultaneously when the FBI100 is installed as specified.

The FBI100 also extends the length of the 268 Kbps module Fieldbus from the FCP270 to 100 Series FBMs and similar competitive migration modules up to 1830 m (6000 ft) over a twinaxial Fieldbus cable. See Figure 2 on page 4.

For more information on the FBI200, refer to PSS 21H-2Y18 B4.

For more information on the FBI100, refer to PSS 21H-2Y16 B4.

ON-LINE IMAGE UPDATE

For fault-tolerant FCP270 modules, on-line image update replaces the executable image (operating system) of a running FCP270 with a newer image without having to shut down the equipment being controlled by the FCP270. New product enhancements can be brought on-line in 1.5 seconds for heavily loaded controllers; less for lightly loaded controllers.

Because the FCP270 contains its executable image in internal flash memory, and has sufficient RAM to hold a new executable image at the same time, online image updates are now much easier to perform.

TIME SYNCHRONIZATION, SOE, TDRA

The Foxboro Evo system supports time synchronization using either an externally maintained optional source of Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) from GPS satellites or an internal source using proprietary software. Controllers that receive time updates via the external time source synchronize their FBMs to 1 ms. For more information on time synchronization, refer to PSS 21S-1C2 B3. Time stamping is used for alarm messages, values sent to the historian, and the new Sequence Of Events (SOE) and Transient Data Recorder and Analyzer (TDRA) features. SOE data are discrete points that are time stamped at the FBM, optionally to 1 ms, and sent to the workstation on a change basis. TDRA data are analog points that are time stamped at the FBM and sent to the workstation every 10 ms. These new features are supported by client software in the workstation. For information on this new software, refer to PSS 21S-2B9 B4 and PSS 21S-2B10 B4.

SOFTWARE FEATURES

The FCP270 performs regulatory, logic, timing, and sequential control, as well as data acquisition, alarm detection, and alarm notification. Process variables are controlled using time-proven algorithms (mathematical computations performing specific functions). The algorithms are contained in functional control blocks, which on-site process engineers configure to implement the desired control strategies. The versatility of the algorithms, coupled with the variety of FBMs available, provides control capabilities suited to a broad range of process applications. Control strategies ranging from simple feedback and cascade loops to highly sophisticated feedforward, nonlinear, and complex characterization control schemes are readily implemented.

The FCP270 also supports the following features:

Infrared communications with the controller enables you to set and read the controller letterbug via the Letterbug Configurator

Alarm enhancements to function blocks: re-alarming on changes to alarm priority, re-alarming based upon a configurable time delay deadband, and alarm suppression based upon time

Optional UTC external time synchronization

Improved controller performance.

Optional self-hosting mode (I/A Series software v8.4-v8.8 or Control Core Services v9.0 or later) allows the FCP270 to start up and run, executing its configured control scheme using the checkpoint file stored in flash memory. This allows the FCP270 to boot itself with a valid control database even if its host workstation is not present.
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ENHANCED RELIABILITY (FAULTTOLERANCE)

The unique and patented fault-tolerant operation of the FCP270 greatly improves reliability relative to other process controllers. The fault-tolerant version of the FCP270 consists of two modules operating in parallel, with two Ethernet connections to The MESH control network. The two FCP270 modules, married as a fault-tolerant pair, provide continuous operation of the controller in the event of virtually any hardware failure occurring within one module of the pair. Both modules receive and process information simultaneously, and faults are detected by the modules themselves. One of the significant methods of fault detection is comparison of communication messages at the module external interfaces. Messages only leave the controller when both controllers agree on the message being sent (bit for bit match). Upon detection of a fault, self-diagnostics are run by both modules to determine which module is defective. The non-defective module then assumes control without affecting normal system operations.

This fault-tolerant solution has the following major advantages over controllers that are merely redundant:

No bad messages are sent to the field or to applications using controller data because no message is allowed out of the controller unless both modules match bit for bit on the message being sent.

The secondary controller is synchronized with the primary one, which ensures up to the moment data in the event of a primary controller failure.

The secondary controller will have latent flaws detected prior to any switchover because it is performing exactly the same operations as the primary controller.

SPLITTER/COMBINER

Fault-tolerant FCP270 modules connect to a pair of fiber optic splitter/combiners (see Figure 1) that connect to Ethernet switches in The MESH. For each module, the splitter/combiner pair provides separate transmit/receive fiber connections for Ethernet switch 1 and 2. Fiber cables are connected so that the splitter/combiners pass inbound traffic from either switch to both modules, and pass outbound traffic from the primary module to either switch.Foxboro FCP270 P0917YZ | Industrial Control Processor - Precision, Reliability, and Efficiency in Automation Solutions

The splitter/combiner pair mounts in an assembly that fastens to the FCP270 baseplates. The splitter/combiner is a passive device that uses no electrical power.

ENHANCED COMMUNICATIONS

The Foxboro Evo architecture uses The Mesh control network with 100 Mbps data communications between the FCP270s and the Ethernet switches (see Figure 2)

When used with the FBI200 or FBI100, the FCP270 can communicate with both the 100 Series and 200 Series FBMs (dual baud functionality, which requires I/A Series software level v8.4.1-v8.8 or Control Core Services v9.0 or later). It connects to the 2 Mbps HDLC fieldbus for communications to all 200 Series I/O FBMs and the Siemens APACS+™ and Westinghouse® competitive migration modules. When used the 100 Series FBMs and 100 Series competitive migration modules, the FCP270 connects to the 268 Kbps HDLC fieldbus, via the fieldbus splitter/terminator. (See “DEVICES SUPPORTED” on page 8.) The optional FBI200 or FBI100 filters the 2 Mbps messages from the 2 Mbps/268 Kbps mixed HDLC fieldbus and only passes on the 268 Kbps messages for the 100 Series FBMs. The FCP270 can also communicate with serial and Ethernet devices, such as PLCs, via Field Device System Integrators. This allows you to connect to new device interfaces without any changes to the controller software.

UPGRADE OPTIONS

Multiple options are available for replacing control processors controlling 100 Series FBMs with the FCP270 in a Foxboro Evo network.

Cabling the 100 Series FBMs or Migration products to an FCP270 baseplate consists of extending the remote 268 Kbps fieldbus between enclosures. This is accomplished using termination cable assemblies (TCAs) and Fieldbus Isolators (FBIs) to provide connections between primary and extended fieldbus segments. For direct connections from the FCP270 to the 100 Series FBMs, the maximum fieldbus length is 1 km (3200 ft). An FBI100 can be used to extend the fieldbus to 1.83 km (6000 ft).

As with earlier generations of control processors, up to 64 Fieldbus Modules (including 100 Series FBM Expander Modules) attach to the extended bus through Fieldbus Isolators. (Up to 24 Fieldbus Modules, excluding expansion modules, can connect to each isolator.)

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[PSS 21H-1B9 B3] Field Control Processor 270 (FCP270)

The Field Control Processor 270 is a distributed, optionally fault-tolerant, field-mounted controller that performs process control and alarming functions according to a user-defined control strategy.

FEATURES

Performs regulatory, logic, timing, and sequential control together with connected Fieldbus Modules (FBMs)

Performs data acquisition and alarm detection and notification

Supports up to 32 200 Series FBMs – referring to both Compact or standard types

Supports up to 128 200 Series FBMs (Compact or standard) with a Fieldbus Expansion Module 100 (FEM100)

Supports up to 64 of the 100 Series FBMs

No Fieldbus Communication Module is required

Connects to The MESH control network via standard fiber optic 100 Mbps Ethernet

Uses a rugged, die cast aluminum housing for mounting in a non-vented field enclosure

Can operate in Class G3 harsh environments

Is CE certified for field mounting in enclosuresFOXBORO FCP270 P0917YZ - High-Performance Industrial Control Module

Supports both the 2 Mbps or 268 Kbps HDLC fieldbuses simultaneously with the FBI200 or FBI100, allowing connections to both 200 Series and 100 Series FBMs (affects the total number of each type of FBM supported).

Offers unique, patented, fault-tolerant operation using two control modules to greatly improve reliability relative to other process controllers

Uses versatile control algorithms and a wide variety of FBMs to provide control capabilities for a broad range of process applications

Supports time synchronization using optional external time from GPS satellites

Offers on-line image update of a fault-tolerant FCP270 without shutting down the process

Uses soft letterbugs configurable via the I/A Series® system Letterbug Configurator running on a Pocket PC

Supports self-hosting mode with I/A Series software v8.4-v8.8 or Foxboro Evo™ Control Core Services v9.0 or later

OVERVIEW

The Field Control Processor 270 (FCP270) is a distributed, optionally fault-tolerant, field-mounted controller module. The FCP270 performs regulatory, logic, timing, and sequential control together with connected Fieldbus Modules. It also performs data acquisition and alarm detection and notification. The FCP270 connects to The MESH control network via standard fiber optic 100 Mbps Ethernet.

The fault-tolerant version of the FCP270 consists of two processor modules. These modules install in adjacent FCP270 slots in a supported FCP270 baseplate for high speed communication between the modules (see Figure 1).

REMOTE MOUNTING

The FCP270 flattens and simplifies the Foxboro Evo Process Automation System architecture, which only requires field enclosures plus workstations and Ethernet switches. For more information on The MESH control network architecture, refer to PSS 21H-7C2 B3.

The field-mounted FCP270 is an integral part of the highly-distributed control network where controllers are closely aligned to specific process units mounted in close proximity to their I/O and the actual equipment being controlled. Coordination between process units takes place via a fiber optic 100 Mbps Ethernet network.

The FCP270 is packaged in a rugged, die cast aluminum housing that does not require venting due to its efficient design. The FCP270 is CE certified, and it can be mounted without expensive special cabinets to prevent electronic emissions. The FCP270 can be mounted in Class G3 harsh environments.

Elon Musk says he’s submitting Starlink technology to the FAA, while saying without evidence that aviation safety is ‘at risk’

Elon Musk said Thursday he would send Starlink satellite internet terminals to the Federal Aviation Administration and said current technology poses a risk to air travel safety, but did not provide evidence.

The billionaire and senior adviser to President Donald Trump, who is charged with cutting costs across the federal government, made the comments on his social media platform X.

Executives from major airlines told CNBC on Thursday that they do not believe the FAA’s technology poses a risk to air travel safety.

The FAA, which oversees Musk’s company SpaceX, did not immediately comment but said earlier this week that the company has been testing Starlink technology in Atlantic City, New Jersey, and Alaska. The White House referred a request for comment to the FAA.

The FAA said Monday that it has been considering using Starlink to improve reliability in remote areas, including Alaska, “since the last administration.” “This week, the FAA is testing one terminal at its Atlantic City facility and two terminals at non-safety-critical locations in Alaska.”

The Washington Post reported on Wednesday that the FAA is about to cancel its contract with Verizon for new communications technology for air traffic control and transfer it to Musk’s Starlink.

“Verizon’s air traffic control communications system is rapidly failing,” Musk said Thursday on X. Verizon said in a statement that “the FAA system currently in use is operated by L3Harris, not Verizon.” He later corrected himself to say that L3Harris was responsible for the “rapidly failing” system.

L3Harris did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Verizon said it is working on replacing old air traffic control technology.

“Our company is building next-generation systems for the FAA to support the agency’s mission of enabling safe and reliable air travel,” Verizon said in a statement. “We are embarking on a multi-year contract to replace an outdated legacy system. Our team has been working with the FAA’s technical team and our solution is ready to deploy. We will continue to work with the FAA to achieve its modernization goals.”

Musk did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Some Democratic lawmakers have expressed concerns about Musk’s role in the Trump administration and the possibility that he could provide technology to one of Trump’s regulators.

“While I support efforts to modernize our air traffic control system and improve aviation safety, this decision raises concerns about conflicts of interest given Elon Musk’s dual role as CEO of SpaceX and his extensive role in the Trump administration,” Sen. Ed Markey, D-Mass., said in a letter to FAA Acting Administrator Chris Rocheleau on Wednesday.

Others have also sounded the alarm after the Trump administration fired hundreds of FAA employees, which did not include air traffic controllers.

“At a minimum, we need to know why the sudden layoffs were necessary, what types of work these employees were doing, and what analysis, if any, the FAA conducted to ensure this would not adversely affect safety, increase flight delays, or harm FAA operations,” Sen. Tammy Duckworth, D-Ill., wrote to Rocheleau on Feb. 19.

The FAA said it has retained “individuals who perform safety-critical functions. The FAA does not comment on ongoing certification work.”

For years, airlines have been pushing to modernize air traffic. Airlines have long complained that old systems could not meet industry needs, causing flight delays and losses for both passengers and airlines. After the pandemic, demand for air travel hit a record high.

“Airlines have made significant changes and investments in technology, operations, products and people. Government needs to do the same in an organized and timely manner,” Airlines for America, which represents major U.S. airlines, said Thursday.

Musk’s comments about aviation safety failures, which he did not provide any evidence of, come just last month when an American Airlines regional jet collided with an Army Black Hawk helicopter, killing all 67 passengers and crew on board. The accident ended an unprecedented period of air travel safety in the United States, the first fatal passenger plane crash in the United States since 2009 and the deadliest accident since 2001.

Last week, more than a dozen aviation industry groups and unions urged lawmakers to approve “emergency funds” for air traffic control modernization and staffing.
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